{"id":92655,"date":"2018-10-03T04:03:30","date_gmt":"2018-10-03T04:03:30","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.bnreport.com\/dazzling-laser-feats-earn-these-physicists-a-nobel\/"},"modified":"2018-10-03T04:03:30","modified_gmt":"2018-10-03T04:03:30","slug":"dazzling-laser-feats-earn-these-physicists-a-nobel","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.bnreport.com\/en\/dazzling-laser-feats-earn-these-physicists-a-nobel\/","title":{"rendered":"Dazzling laser feats earn these physicists a Nobel"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Fantastic feats performed with lasers have earned three scientists the 2018 Nobel Prize in physics.<\/p>\n<p>Half of the award, which totals 9 million Swedish kronor (about $1 million), went to physicist Arthur Ashkin for his development of optical tweezers. The technique uses laser light to manipulate tiny particles such as viruses and bacteria.<\/p>\n<p>The other half of the prize went to two scientists who created intense, short bursts of laser light. Physicists G\u00e9rard Mourou and Donna Strickland found a way to produce these powerful laser pulses using a method called chirped pulse amplification, which has been harnessed for purposes such as laser eye surgery.<\/p>\n<p>The award marks only the third time a woman has been awarded the physics Nobel. Previous female winners were Marie Curie in 1903 and Maria Goeppert Mayer in 1963.  <\/p>\n<p>In his work at Bell Laboratories in Holmdel, N.J., Ashkin took advantage of the fact that individual subatomic particles of light exert pressure. By focusing a laser beam just so, Ashkin realized that small objects could be trapped and moved around by the forces of the particles of light, or photons.<\/p>\n<p>Ashkins Nobel was \u201ca thoroughly well-deserved and long-overdue award,\u201d says physicist Philip Jones of University College London.<\/p>\n<p>Since 1986, when Ashkins initial study on optical tweezers was published, the techniques popularity has exploded. Hundreds of labs across the world now use optical tweezers, says Jones, whose research relies on Ashkins work. Optical tweezers have been used for myriad purposes: testing how DNA stretches, studying the forces exerted by individual cells, and initiating chemical reactions between <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencenews.org\/article\/using-laser-tweezers-chemists-nudged-two-atoms-bond\" rel=\"noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">a single pair of atoms<\/a>, to name a few (<em>SN: 5\/12\/18, p. 24<\/em>). By building on the optical tweezer technique, scientists were able to trap and cool atoms, a discovery that led to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nobelprize.org\/prizes\/physics\/1997\/summary\/\" rel=\"noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">the 1997 Nobel<\/a> in physics.<\/p>\n<p>   <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sciencenews.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2018\/10\/100218_nobel-prize_physics_inline_3_730.jpg\" title=\"&lt;b&gt;LIGHT TOUCH&lt;\/b&gt;  Scientists use laser tweezers (one example illustrated) to manipulate small objects. Lenses (silver) focus a laser beam (red) which traps objects. ~~ Courtesy of SPIE\"\/>  In another flourish of laser virtuosity, Mourou, of \u00c9cole Polytechnique in Palaiseau, France, and Strickland, of the University of Waterloo in Canada, wrangled light to open up new realms of technology and research.<\/p>\n<p>Their work, published in 1985, allowed scientists to intensify laser pulses beyond previous limits. Instruments called amplifiers can strengthen light pulses, but only to a point. Typically, beyond a certain intensity, an amplifier would be damaged by the light. To circumvent this issue, Mourou and Strickland first stretched out their laser pulses, lowering the lights intensity so that it could be amplified. When compressed back to their original size after amplification, the pulses reached unprecedented intensities.<\/p>\n<p>Today, the technique is used to create the most powerful laser pulses on the planet, packing millions of billions of watts of power. Such strong bursts of light are so rare in the universe that \u201cwhen one of the modern lasers like this fires, God has to stop and think about what to do,\u201d says physicist Paul Corkum of the University of Ottawa. Intense laser beams could be useful for <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencenews.org\/article\/electrons-protons-plasma-waves-particle-accelerator\" rel=\"noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">accelerating particles<\/a> (<em>SN: 9\/29\/18, p. 12<\/em>), achieving nuclear fusion or <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencenews.org\/article\/proposed-experiment-would-create-matter-light\" rel=\"noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">creating matter from light<\/a> (<em>SN: 6\/14\/14, p. 14<\/em>).<\/p>\n<h4>Power up[hhmc]<br \/>\n<\/h4>\n<p>To make laser pulses more powerful, scientists start with a short burst of light (1) and stretch it out, decreasing its intensity (2). Then they amplify the pulse of light (3) and compress it. After compression, the pulses intensity increases greatly (4). Known as chirped pulse amplification, the technique is the basis of many modern lasers.<\/p>\n<p>   <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sciencenews.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2018\/10\/100218_nobel-prize_physics_inline_2_730.jpg\" title=\"~~ \u00a9Johan Jarnestad\/The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences\"\/>     <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sciencenews.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2018\/10\/100218_nobel-prize_physics_inline_2_370_mobile.jpg\" title=\"~~ \u00a9Johan Jarnestad\/The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences\"\/>  <\/p>\n<p>Whats more, scientists have also built off of Mourou and Stricklands technique to create laser pulses that are only attoseconds long, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencenews.org\/article\/pursuit-briefest-beat\" rel=\"noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">billionths of a billionth of a second<\/a> (<em>SN: 3\/27\/10, p. 16<\/em>). The technique beats out previous lasers that had pulses in the range of femtoseconds, which are 1,000 times longer. Such ultrashort pulses have helped reveal the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencenews.org\/article\/quantum-tunneling-takes-time-new-study-shows\" rel=\"noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">mysterious physics<\/a> of electrons zipping around an atom (<em>SN Online: 7\/26\/2017<\/em>).<\/p>\n<p>Mourou and Stricklands work \u201chas really impacted the extremes to which humans can reach,\u201d Corkum says. But laser pulses based on the technique are also used in more ordinary pursuits, such as laser eye surgery and cutting various materials, including the glass in some cell phones.<\/p>\n<p>Fifty-five years have passed since the last woman received the Nobel in physics. \u201cIts really terrific that barrier has finally been breached,\u201d says Margaret Murnane, a physicist at the JILA research center in Boulder, Colo. \u201cIts great that Donna is being recognized for her contribution to this very important laser science advance.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>   <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sciencenews.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2018\/10\/100218_nobel-prize_physics_inline_4_730.jpg\" title=\"&lt;b&gt;SHINE ON&lt;\/b&gt;  Physicist Donna Strickland of the University of Waterloo in Canada is the first woman to win a Nobel Prize in physics in 55 years.  ~~ Peter Lee\/Waterloo Region Record\"\/>  <\/p>\n<p>When Strickland was told by a reporter at a news conference on October 2 in Stockholm that she was only the third woman to have won the physics Nobel, she replied, \u201cIs that all? Really?\u201d Strickland said she is honored to be one of those women, and although the number is small, \u201chopefully in time itll start to move forward at a faster rate.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>During the news conference, G\u00f6ran Hansson, Secretary General of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, which awards the prize, said that the number of women nominated is a \u201csmall percentage,\u201d and that \u201cwe are taking measures to encourage more nominations [of women] because we dont want to miss anyone.\u201d<\/p>\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/blockads.fivefilters.org\/\" rel=\"noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"><\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/blockads.fivefilters.org\/acceptable.html\" rel=\"noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Fantastic feats performed with lasers have earned three scientists the 2018 Nobel Prize in physics.<br \/>\n..<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":92656,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[49],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-92655","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-science"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.5 - 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