{"id":11961,"date":"2017-10-20T19:12:15","date_gmt":"2017-10-20T19:12:15","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.bnreport.com\/big-brains-come-with-big-social-groups-in-whales-and-dolphins\/"},"modified":"2017-10-20T19:12:16","modified_gmt":"2017-10-20T19:12:16","slug":"big-brains-come-with-big-social-groups-in-whales-and-dolphins","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.bnreport.com\/en\/big-brains-come-with-big-social-groups-in-whales-and-dolphins\/","title":{"rendered":"Big brains come with big social groups in whales and dolphins"},"content":{"rendered":"<\/p>\n
Enlarge<\/a>International Fund for Animal Welfare<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Why are humans so smart? We must have evolved in an environment that made more intelligent individuals likely to survive. But this just raises new questions: what factors in the environment could have created an evolutionary pressure for intelligence? And how have other species that faced similar pressures ended up evolving?<\/p>\n

One prominent hypothesis about our brains is that the human lineage became especially social, which required a suite of advanced cognitive skills to manage the relationships that were intertwined with survival. There\u2019s evidence that social behavior is associated with bigger brains across the primate family, and the same correlation has been found in birds.<\/p>\n

There's now evidence that whale and dolphin brains show the same relationship. The finding offers new support for the \u201csocial brain hypothesis<\/a>," and it's an exciting discovery. But not all researchers agree on how this evidence should be interpreted.<\/p>\n

Hyper-social whales<\/h2>\n

Neuroscientist Kieran Fox and his colleagues searched hundreds of scientific papers on cetaceans, the group that includes whales and dolphins. They gathered information on brain size in 46 different species from this group. And because bigger bodies mean bigger brains without anything else going on, they also included information on body size, so that they could factor that into their analyses.<\/p>\n

The team then collected information on the social behavior of those species. That included the average social group size\u2014ranging from species that tend to be solitary to those that live in giant \u201cmega-pods.\u201d But it also considered the incredible array of complex social behaviors that whales and dolphins are famous for: group hunting, play, social learning, and complex calls.<\/p>\n

They found that, as in primates and birds, cetaceans that had more complex social and cultural behaviors had larger brains. \u201cThe apparent coevolution of brains, social structure, and behavioral richness of marine mammals provides a unique and striking parallel to the large brains and hyper-sociality of humans and other primates,\u201d the authors write.<\/p>\n

Figuring out a causal story<\/h2>\n

\u201cIt\u2019s an interesting study that is consistent with the idea that social behaviour and brain size are related,\u201d says Robert Barton, who studies brain evolution. \u201cBut a lot more work needs to be done on a variety of factors that may be involved.\u201d<\/p>\n

Until recently, says Barton, he was one of the proponents of the social brain hypothesis. \u201cI\u2019ve become less of an advocate in recent years,\u201d he said. Part of his reason for this was the finding<\/a> that the relationship between brain and sociality in primates didn\u2019t look so clear-cut in bigger sample sizes with more controls.<\/p>\n

Another relevant finding is that brain size is also related to ecological factors, like the variety of habitats a species can live in and the variety of foods it eats. Fox and his colleagues actually found these relationships in their sample of cetaceans, too: larger brain sizes were associated with a variety of food types, as well as a larger range of habitats.<\/p>\n

Different researchers have varying opinions on how to interpret all these correlations. Fox\u2019s co-author, Susanne Shultz, points to the fact that larger brains need more calories. She argues<\/a> that social pressures were the driving force pushing towards the evolution of bigger brains, but getting enough calories was a barrier to be overcome on the way, forcing species to adapt their eating habits accordingly. The data on cetaceans suggests that social behavior is the best explanation for their large brains, she and her co-authors argue.<\/p>\n

Barton is more inclined to think that social behavior is just one of many factors pushing towards bigger brains. \u201cI\u2019d be surprised if sociality had nothing to do with brain evolution,\u201d he says. \u201cBut we just don\u2019t know what the direction of causality is.\u201d<\/p>\n

It could be the other way around, he says: greater intelligence may have allowed for the emergence of cooperative behavior, which in turn proved useful for survival. Alternatively, \u201cit could be other things driving brain size and group size together.\u201d And, Barton adds, brain size is not as simple as it sounds. Different parts of the brain grow at different rates, so two species with large brains might have very different things going on under the surface.<\/p>\n

But the ongoing debate is about the interpretation of the finding, rather than the finding itself. The new evidence \u201csupports the idea that the richness of a species\u2019 social world is predicted by their brain size,\u201d writes<\/a> researcher Susanne Shultz\u2014a claim that Barton agrees with. \u201cThe fact that we\u2019ve found it in an independent group so different from primates makes it all the more important,\u201d she writes.<\/p>\n

Nature Ecology & Evolution<\/em>, 2017. DOI: 10.1038\/s41559-017-0336-y<\/a> (About DOIs<\/a>).<\/p>\n

Let's block ads!<\/a><\/strong> (Why?)<\/a><\/p>\n

Original Article<\/a><\/p>\n

\n
<\/p>\n

Ars Technica<\/a><\/h4>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

EnlargeInternational Fund for Animal Welfare Why are humans ..<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":11962,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[50],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-11961","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-tech"],"yoast_head":"\nBig brains come with big social groups in whales and dolphins - Business News Report<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"EnlargeInternational Fund for Animal Welfare Why are humans ..\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bnreport.com\/en\/big-brains-come-with-big-social-groups-in-whales-and-dolphins\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Big brains come with big social groups in whales and dolphins - 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