{"id":116137,"date":"2019-03-25T18:45:10","date_gmt":"2019-03-25T18:45:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.bnreport.com\/saber-toothed-cats-were-fierce-and-family-oriented-2\/"},"modified":"2019-03-25T18:45:10","modified_gmt":"2019-03-25T18:45:10","slug":"saber-toothed-cats-were-fierce-and-family-oriented-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.bnreport.com\/en\/saber-toothed-cats-were-fierce-and-family-oriented-2\/","title":{"rendered":"Saber-toothed cats were fierce and family-oriented"},"content":{"rendered":"

The adolescent saber-toothed cat on a summertime hunt realized too late that she had made a terrible miscalculation.<\/p>\n

Already the size of a modern-day tiger, with huge canine teeth, she had crept across grassy terrain to ambush a giant ground sloth bellowing in distress. Ready to pounce, the cats front paw sank into sticky ground. Pressing down with her other three paws to free herself, then struggling in what has been called \u201ctar pit aerobics,\u201d she became irrevocably mired alongside her prey.<\/p>\n

Scenarios much like this played out repeatedly over at least the last 35,000 years at Californias Rancho La Brea tar pits. Entrapped herbivores, such as the sloth, attracted scavengers and predators \u2014 including dire wolves, vultures and saber-toothed Smilodon cats \u2014 to what looked like an easy meal. Eventually the animals would disappear into the muck, until paleontologists plucked their fossils from the ground in huge numbers over the last century.<\/p>\n

Five million or so fossils have been found at the site. But \u201cits not like there was this orgy of death going on,\u201d says Christopher Shaw, a paleontologist and former collections manager at the La Brea Tar Pits and Museum in Los Angeles. He calculates that such an entrapment scenario, dooming 10 or so large mammals and birds, would have needed to occur only once per decade over 35,000 years to account for that bounty of fossils.<\/p>\n

At La Brea, the collection of Smilodon fatalis fossils alone includes more than 166,000 bones, from an estimated 3,000 of the ill-fated prehistoric cats. Famed for their fearsome canines, which grew up to 18 centimeters long, S. fatalis weighed as much as 280 kilograms, bigger than most of todays largest lions and tigers.<\/p>\n

 Fossils of S. fatalis, the second largest of three Smilodon species that roamed the Americas during the Pleistocene Epoch, have been found across the United States and in South America, west of the Andes as far south as Chile. And a recent study put S. fatalis in Alberta, Canada, about 1,000 kilometers north of its previously known range.\n<\/code><\/pre>\n
But the La Brea fossil site, unique in offering up so many specimens, is the source of the vast majority of knowledge about the species. There, fossils of dire wolves and saber-toothed cats together outnumber herbivores about 9-to-1, leading scientists to speculate that both predators may have formed prides or packs, similar to modern lions and wolves. Yet a small number of experts argue against cooperative behavior for Smilodon, reasoning that pack-living animals would have been too intelligent to get mired en masse.<\/p>\n
New studies may help settle the debate about Smilodons sociality, and answer questions about how the cat lived and why it died out 10,000 to 12,000 years ago.<\/p>\n
\u201cWe have an innate curiosity to understand what it was doing and why it went extinct,\u201d says Larisa DeSantis, a vertebrate paleontologist at Vanderbilt University in Nashville. Now, she says, \u201cwe can answer these questions.\u201d<\/p>\n
DeSantis is studying microscopic wear on fossil teeth and chemical signatures in the enamel to reveal Smilodons diet. Other scientists are doing biomechanical studies of the skull, fangs and limbs to understand how the powerful cat captured and killed its prey. Some researchers are extracting DNA from fossils, while others are gathering data on the paleoclimate to try to piece together why Smilodon died out.<\/p>\n
\u201cIts the T. rex of mammals \u2026 a big, scary predator,\u201d says Ashley Reynolds, a paleontology Ph.D. student and fossil cat researcher at the University of Toronto. She presented the Alberta fossil find in October in Albuquerque at the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology conference. Explaining why Smilodon cats continue to excite researchers, she says, \u201cTheyre probably the baddest of all the cats that have ever existed.\u201d<\/p>\n
Safety in numbers[hhmc]
\n<\/h4>\n
Whether Smilodon was a pack hunter has long been debated<\/a> (SN: 10\/28\/17, p. 5) because living in groups is rare among large cats today. But an unusual number of healed injuries in the Smilodon bones<\/a> at La Brea makes it unlikely that these cats were solitary, DeSantis and Shaw reported in November in Indianapolis at a meeting of the Geological Society of America.<\/p>\n
More than 5,000 of the Smilodon bones at La Brea have marks of injury or illness: tooth decay, heavily worn arthritic joints, broken legs and dislocated elbows that would have occurred before the animals tar burial. Dramatic examples include crushed chests and spinal injuries, which the cats somehow survived. \u201cYou would actually wince to see these horribly, traumatically injured specimens,\u201d says Shaw, who is also coeditor of the 2018 book Smilodon: The Iconic Sabertooth.<\/p>\n
One particularly debilitating injury was a crippled pelvis, but evidence of new bone growth shows that the animal lived long enough for healing to occur. \u201cThere was a lot of infection, pain and smelly stuff, and just a really awful situation for this animal, but it survived well over a year,\u201d Shaw says. \u201cTo me that indicates [the injured cat] was part of a group that helped it survive by letting it feed at kills and protecting it.\u201d<\/p>\n
Shaw and DeSantis looked at a series of specimens with what were probably agonizing maladies in the teeth and jaws, including fractured canines and massive infections that left animals with misshapen skulls.<\/p>\n
\u201cThese animals probably couldnt have gone out \u2026 to kill anything,\u201d Shaw says. \u201cYou know how it is when you have a toothache. This is like that times 100.\u201d<\/p>\n
  DeSantis compared microscopic pits and scratches on the surface of the teeth of injured animals with microwear on the teeth of seemingly healthy Smilodon cats. The injured cats dental surfaces indicated that the animals were eating softer foods, which would have been less painful to chew, \u201clikely a higher proportion of flesh, fat and organs, as opposed to bone,\u201d she says.<\/p>\n
The findings are consistent with the interpretation that Smilodon was a group-living animal, she says, and that the cats \u201callowed each other access to food when [injured pack members] couldnt necessarily take down their own prey.\u201d<\/p>\n
Reynolds agrees that the healed injuries are persuasive evidence that Smilodon lived in groups. \u201cWhen you see an animal with really nasty injuries that healed somehow, it does make you wonder if they were cared for.\u201d<\/p>\n
Not everyone is convinced, however. Ecologist Christian Kiffner of the Center for Wildlife Management Studies in Karatu, Tanzania, has studied modern carnivores such as African lions and spotted hyenas. \u201cRelatively long survival of Smilodon fatalis individuals after dental injuries had occurred does not necessarily provide airtight evidence for a specific social system in this species,\u201d he says. \u201cIt is very, very difficult to use patterns in Pleistocene carnivore [fossil] assemblages to make inferences about behavior of an extinct species.\u201d<\/p>\n
Even if the saber-toothed cats did live in groups, the animals exact social structure remains an open question, Reynolds says. Modern lion prides have numerous females and several younger males led by an alpha male, with intense competition between male lions. As a result, males are much bigger than females, as the males must work hard to defend their positions.<\/p>\n
Despite searching, scientists have not found obvious evidence of a size difference between the sexes in Smilodon; researchers cant even tell which La Brea fossils are male or female. Size differences between the sexes, if they existed, may have been small.<\/p>\n
\u201cThat lack of sexual dimorphism is odd,\u201d says Blaire Van Valkenburgh, a UCLA paleontologist who studies fossil carnivores. Sex-related size differences are seen in many big cats today, most particularly lions. She thinks the lack of sexual dimorphism in Smilodon might hint at a different social structure. Perhaps males werent competing quite so intensely for access to females. Maybe there was no single alpha male preventing the majority of males from making a move.<\/p>\n
Family affair[hhmc]
\n<\/h4>\n
Perhaps Smilodon groups had an alpha female rather than an alpha male, or an alpha pair. Such is the case in modern wolves and coyotes, which have less pronounced size differences between sexes than lions do. The prehistoric cats \u201ccould have had extended family structures [similar to wolves] where uncles and aunts hung around, because it probably took a while to raise the young saber-toothed cats,\u201d Van Valkenburgh suspects.<\/p>\n
Kittens may have taken a long time, as long as 22 months, to get most of their adult teeth, she says. The upper canines took even longer<\/a>, as much as three years or more, to reach their massive size, researchers reported in PLOS ONE in 2015. Modern lions, in contrast, typically have all of their adult teeth by 17 months, Van Valkenburgh says.<\/p>\n
Smilodon kittens also probably went through a substantial learning curve before attempting to take down large prey. \u201cIt took longer for them to learn how to safely kill something without breaking their teeth or biting in the wrong place and hurting themselves,\u201d Van Valkenburgh speculates.<\/p>\n
Pack living would enable this slower development: \u201cIf youre a social species, you can afford to grow at a slower rate than a nonsocial species because you have a family safety net,\u201d Reynolds says. She is studying Smilodon fossils from Perus Talara tar pits for evidence of slow bone development using bone histology, examining thin cross sections under a microscope to determine such things as age and growth rate.<\/p>\n
  To understand how saber-toothed cats eventually took down prey, Van Valkenburgh joined paleobiologist Borja Figueirido of the University of M\u00e1laga in Spain and others. The group studied the biomechanics of Smilodons killing bite<\/a> and how the animal used its sabers. That work, published in the October 22, 2018 Current Biology, adds to a consensus that the cat used its powerful forelimbs, which existed even in the youngsters<\/a> (SN Online: 9\/27\/17), to pin prey before applying a lethal bite to the neck.<\/p>\n
\u201cThe specialization of being a saber-toothed appears to have been partly to effectively take prey larger than yourself and to do that very quickly,\u201d Van Valkenburgh says. With the prey tightly gripped, a Smilodon cat would position itself so that one or two really strong canine bites would rip open the pinned animals throat.<\/p>\n
In contrast, lions suffocate prey \u2014 one lion may clamp its jaws around the neck, crushing the windpipe, while another uses its mouth to cover the victims nose and mouth. Using this slower method would have increased Smilodons chances of injuring or damaging those precious canine teeth.<\/p>\n
Diverging senses[hhmc]
\n<\/h4>\n
Smilodon and its extinct saber-toothed relatives are on a branch of the cat family tree that is far from todays cats. Scientists think Smilodons branch diverged from the ancestors of all living cats about 20 million years ago. Given the evolutionary distance, researchers are still trying to determine how similar \u2014 or different \u2014 Smilodon was from its living feline cousins. A recent focus has been the cats sounds and senses.<\/p>\n
At the October vertebrate paleontology conference, Shaw presented evidence that Smilodon may have roared, as do lions, tigers, leopards and their close relatives. The clues come from 150 La Brea fossils that were once part of the hyoid arch, or larynx, in the Smilodon throat. (Tar pits stand out for preserving tiny bones rarely found elsewhere.) The small fossils are very similar in shape and style to those of roaring cats. House cats and others that purr have a different arrangement of bones.<\/p>\n
Evolutionary distance[hhmc]
\n<\/h4>\n
Smilodon and its extinct relatives are on a separate branch of the family tree from all living cats. Those two groups diverged perhaps 20 million years ago.<\/p>\n
Read More \u2013 Source<\/strong><\/a>
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science news<\/a><\/h5>\n
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\n[contfnewc]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
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